ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN NIGERIA: REFLECTIONS ON THE 2015 GENERAL ELECTIONS
Abstract
The holding of periodic elections is one of the most important mechanisms for the realization of the objectives of democracy. Elections are therefore, closely tied to the growth and development of democratic political order. In Nigeria however, ensuring free and fair elections has historically been a major challenge. One factor or problem that has always stood in the way of conducting free and fair elections in Nigeria is electoral violence. Indeed, electoral violence represents one of the greatest challenges of many democratizing societies. This paper therefore, examines electoral violence in the 2015 general elections and its implications for democratic consolidation in Nigeria. The paper adopts the Marxist theory of the state as its theoretical framework and argues strongly that the persistence of electoral violence in Nigeria is a threat to democratic consolidation in the country. The paper also recommends the possible remedies to electoral violence in Nigeria.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adamu, H. and Ogunsanwo, A. (1982). Nigeria: The Making of the Presidential System, 1979 General Elections. Kano: Triumph Publishing Company.
Adekanye, J. B. (1988). Nigeria Armed Forces to take over Conduct of Future Elections. The Quarterly Journal of Administration, 23 (1 and 2), 27 – 38.
Ake, C. (2001). Democracy and Development in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.
Akhaine, S. (2011). Nigeria’s 2011 Elections: The “Crippled Giant” Learns to Walk? African Affairs, 110 (441), 649-655.
Akinloye, B. (2015). Expect Violence in 2015 Elections, Campbell Warns. Punch Newspaper, February 15, 2015. (Online: http://www.punchng.com/news/expect-violence-in-2015-elections-campbell-warns/).
Alavi, H. (1973). State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh. New Left Review, 74, 146 – 147.
CLEEN Foundation (2014). Security Threat Assessment: Towards 2015 Elections. (Online:http://cleen.org/2015%20Election%20security%20Threat%20assessment%20September%202014.pdf).
Diamond, L. (1988). The 1983 General Elections. In Ayeni, V. and Soremekun, K. (eds.) Nigeria’s Second Republic: Presidentialism, Politics and Administration in a Developing State. Lagos: Daily Times Publications..
Egobueze, A and Ojirika, C. (2017). Electoral Violence in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Implications for Political Stability. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 13(2), 1 – 11.
Egwu, S. (2003). Electoral Violence and the Democratization Project: The Nigeria Experience. In Olasupo, B. A. (ed.) Electoral Violence in Nigeria: Issues and Perspectives. Lagos: Fredrick Ebert Stiftung.
Ekekwe, E. (1986). Class and State in Nigeria. Lagos: Longman.
Human Rights Watch (2011). Nigeria: Post Election Violence Killed 800. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Ibrahim, J. and Ibeanu, O. (2009). Direct Capture: The 2007 Nigerian Elections and Subversion of Popular Sovereignty. Abuja: Centre for Democracy and Development.
Ikpe, U. B. (2000). Political Behaviour and Electoral Politics in Nigeria: A Political Economic Interpretation. Uyo: Golden Educational Publishers.
Jakubowski, F. (1973). Ideology and Superstruture. London: Allison and Busby.
Jega, A. M. (2007). Democracy, Good Governance and Development in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.
Kurfi, A. (1983). The Nigerian General Elections of 1959 and 1979 and the Aftermath. London: Macmillan.
Ladan-Baki, I. S. (2016). Electoral Violence and 2015 General Elections in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 16(1), 23-29.
Lenin, V. I. (1984). The State and Revolution. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Lewis, P. (2011). Nigeria Votes: More Openness, More Conflict. Journal of Democracy, 22(4), 60 – 74.
Linz, J. J. and Stepan, A. (1996). Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Mark, M. (2015). Nigeria Elections: Protests Erupt Following Knife Edge Vote. The Guardian Newspaper, March 29, 2015. (Online: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/29/nigeria-elections-jega-protests-calls-for-re-vote).
Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1971). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Mascow: Progress Publishers.
Miliband, R. (1977). Marxism and Politics. London: Oxford University Press.
Ndujihe, C. and Kumolu, C. (2015). 2015: Are the Polls Really Credible, Free and Fair? Vanguard Newspaper, May 2, 2015. (Online: http://www.vanguardngr.com/2005/05/2015-are-the-polls-really-credible-free-and-fair/#sthash.9t4kvpBb.dpuf).
Nkwachukwu, O. (2014). Nigeria’s 2015 Election in Perspective. Africa Spectrum, 49(3) 121 – 133.
Nnoli, O. (1990). The 1987 Local Government Elections in the Eastern Zone of Nigeria: Plateau, Benue, Anambra, Imo, Rivers, Cross River and Akwa-Ibom States. In Jinadu, L. A. and Edoh, T. (eds.) The 1987 – 1988 Local Government Elections in Nigeria. Lagos: National Electoral Commission.
Nweke, E. N. (2005). State, Youth and Electoral Violence in Nigeria. In Onu, G. and Momoh, A. (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Political Science Association.
Nwolise, O. B. C. (2007). Electoral Violence and Nigeria’s 2007 Elections. Journal of African Elections, 6(2), 155 – 179.
Ochoche, S. A. (1997). Electoral Violence and National Security in Nigeria. African Peace Review, 1(1), 27.
Odey, J. O. (2003). This Madness Called Election 2003. Enugu: Snaap Press Limited.
Ogundiya, I. S. and Baba, T. K. (2005). Electoral Violence and the Prospects of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. In Onu, G. and Momoh, A. (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Political Science Association.
Okafor, F. C. N. (2015). Electoral Violence and the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria: The Implication Perspective. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 1 – 14.
Olaitan, W. A. (2005). Elections and the Making and Unmaking of Democracy in Nigeria. In Onu, G. and Momoh, A. (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Political Science Association.
Onapajo, H. (2014). Violence and Votes in Nigeria: The Dominance of Incumbents in the Use of Violence to Rig Elections. Africa Spectrum, 49(2), 27-51.
Roberts, F. O. N. and Obioha, E. E. (2005). Electoral Violence and the Role of the Police in Nigeria. In Onu, G. and Momoh, A. (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Political Science Association.
Schedler, A. (1998). What is Democratic Consolidation? Journal of Democracy, 9(2), 91-107.
Suberu, R. (2007). Nigeria’s Muddled Elections. Journal of Democracy, 18(4), 95-110.
Wanyonyi, P. K. (1997). A Historical Reflection on the Electoral Process in Post Colonial Africa. In Oyin, O. (ed.) Governance and the Electoral Process: Nigeria and the United States of America. Lagos: ASAN.
Yaqub, N. O. (1999). Building and Developing Democratic Institutions in Nigeria. Paper Presented at the Discussion Forum on Transition and Democratic Transformation: Challenges for Civil Society, Organized by the Fredrick Ebert Stiftung in Bonn, Berlin and Hamburg, Germany, 22nd – 26th March.
Zayyan, M. U. (2002). Problems and Prospects of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. In Jega, A. M. (ed.) Democracy and Democratization in Nigeria. Kano: Centre for Democratic Research and Training.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.